Large language models for deriving outcome measures rarely documented in clinical notes: Demonstrated with the Modified Rankin Scale

Large language models accurately inferred functional status after ischemic stroke from clinical notes, even after explicit modified Rankin Scale scores were removed. The models exceeded a prespecified 0.80 threshold for precision, recall, and F1 score at both discharge and follow-up. The work, a collaboration between Verantos and Bayer, is presented at ISPE 2026, the annual meeting of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.